Wars of the Three Kingdoms

The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, spanning from 1639 to 1651, encompassed a series of intertwined conflicts in England, Scotland, and Ireland, primarily rooted in political, religious, and constitutional disputes. Beginning with the Bishops' Wars in Scotland, tensions grew, leading to the English Civil War between Royalists loyal to King Charles I and Parliamentarians. The Irish Confederate Wars saw uprisings in Ireland over both religious and civil issues. As these wars intertwined, they drew in all three kingdoms, culminating in the trial and execution of Charles I, the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell, and finally, the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 with Charles II.