Second Bishops' War

The Second Bishops' War, in 1640, followed the unresolved tensions of the First Bishops' War between Scotland and England. King Charles I's continued attempts to enforce Anglican reforms on the Presbyterian Church of Scotland led to renewed hostilities. This conflict saw more direct military action, notably the Battle of Newburn, where the Scottish Covenanters achieved a decisive victory. In the aftermath, the Scots occupied parts of northern England, compelling Charles I to negotiate. The conflict culminated in the Treaty of Ripon, which favored Scottish demands and set the stage for further political disputes, leading up to the English Civil War.