Norman invasion of Scotland

William the Conqueror led a military campaign into Scotland, culminating in the Treaty of Abernethy. This treaty saw the Scottish King Malcolm III "Canmore" pay homage to William, arguably for the lands he held in England rather than for his Scottish kingdom. The exact nature of the homage and its implications are debated by historians, but the event marked a significant early interaction between the Norman rulers of England and the Scottish monarchy, setting a precedent for subsequent Anglo-Scottish relations during the Middle Ages.