First Bishops' War

The First Bishops' War, occurring in 1639, arose from King Charles I's attempt to impose Anglican reforms and the Book of Common Prayer on the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, sparking widespread Scottish opposition. The conflict saw the mobilization of Scottish forces under the banner of the National Covenant, a declaration against the King's religious changes. While the war involved limited direct military engagements, the pressure from the unified Scottish resistance led to the Pacification of Berwick in June 1639, wherein both sides agreed to disband their armies and convene a general assembly to address religious concerns. However, the underlying issues remained unresolved, setting the stage for the Second Bishops' War in 1640.