Early Historic Period

Between CE 79 and CE 1072, Scotland experienced profound transformations. It saw Roman incursions with the establishment of Hadrian's and Antonine Walls, the rise of distinct kingdoms like the Picts, Britons, and Dál Riata, and the spread of Christianity, particularly through figures like St. Columba. The Viking Age introduced Norse raids, trade, and settlement, leading to cultural integration. By the late period, the Kingdom of Alba emerged through the unification of the Picts and Gaels, expanded its territories, and started to experience Norman influence by the end of the 11th century.